@proceedings {848, title = {Sensitivity analysis of ray-tracing techniques to ionospheric electron density profiles}, year = {2024}, month = {03/2024}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

The Earth{\textquoteright}s ionosphere, a weakly ionized plasma embedded in a magnetic field, constitutes an anisotropic and dispersive medium for the propagation of HF radio waves. Ray-tracing is a powerful and useful technique, included in several radar simulation codes, that allows determining the path of these radio waves through the ionosphere in order, for example, to locate and track a target. Depending on the degree of precision needed, ray-tracing requires more or less precise knowledge of ionospheric conditions along the propagation path. A sensitivity analysis is performed in this work to determine the effect of different electron density height profiles in ray path features considering a fully analytical approach and two ray-tracing algorithms. The analytical approach is based on the quasi-parabolic electron density height distribution which allows for the derivation of exact equations for ray path parameters. The first ray-tracing algorithm consists of Snell-law application to a two-dimensional ionosphere which is layered into thin homogeneous slabs with a constant refractive index. The second algorithm implements the code of Jones and Stephenson, introduced in 1975, and numerically solves Haselgrove ray equations to trace ray paths through an anisotropic medium whose refractive index varies in three dimensions. The three methodologies used to assess an HF signal ray path must assume an electron density height profile which strongly affects any output parameter that depends on the signal traveling path. In particular, the analytical approach, even though it is less accurate, it is considerably faster than any numerical ray-tracing technique. This sensitivity analysis approach allows estimating the percentage variation of ray-tracing outputs which may serve to analyze the errors introduced by ionospheric transient disturbances which cannot be easily included in models considered in ray-tracing algorithms.

}, author = {Ana G. Elias and Mariano Fagre and Zenon Saavedra and Adrian Llanes and Blas F. de Haro Barbas} } @proceedings {871, title = {Signatures of Space Weather in the NJIT V1 Grape Low-IF Receiver}, year = {2024}, month = {03/2024}, abstract = {

The V1 Grape Low Intermediate Frequency (Low-IF; 10 MHz) Receiver is part of a low-cost Personal Space Weather Station (PSWS) developed by the Ham Radio Science Citizen Investigation (HamSCI) Collective. One of the existing deployed Grapes is located at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). The Grape measures the WWV 10 MHz signal originating from Fort Collins, Colorado. Variations in WWV{\textquoteright}s signal intensity and frequency, received by the Grape can be used to investigate\  strong space weather events and their effects on the Earth{\textquoteright}s ionosphere. The Grape data is separated into two parameters, Doppler Shift (Hz) which is a change in frequency introduced by the variability of the ionosphere along the WWV to NJIT link, and Relative Power (dB) which can be used as a proxy for the received signal{\textquoteright}s intensity.\  In this presentation, we will explore the possibility of using the Relative Power parameter for studying ionospheric scintillation due to space weather events.\  We will present several examples of data collected on days with known space weather events to assess the Grape{\textquoteright}s ability to detect the event. We will also discuss our analysis techniques, including our strategies to mitigate the local noise environment at NJIT, and future work.

}, author = {Tiago Trigo and Gareth W. Perry and Sebastian Fernandes and John Gibbons and Nathaniel A. Frissell} } @proceedings {872, title = {Statistical Study of the Magnetospheric Open-Closed Boundary (OCB) using ULF Wave Observations from Antarctic Ground Magnetometers As Compared to the Tsyganenko Model}, year = {2024}, month = {03/2024}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

We present a statistical study using ground magnetometer data which are located over extensive latitudes from subauroral to the deep polar cap region. These include the Antarctic Automated Geophysical Observatories (AGOs), McMurdo Station (MCM), and South Pole Station (SPA), to characterize open-closed boundary (OCB) behavior during geomagnetically quiet times. Knowledge of the location and dynamics of the magnetic field line OCB provides insight to space physics processes such as substorms, particle precipitation events, and magnetospheric configuration. Prior studies have shown that determination of the OCB location can be made by examining the ULF wave power in data from a latitudinal chain of ground-based magnetometers extending from the auroral zone into the deep polar cap.

}, author = {Rachel M. Frissell and Hyomin Kim and Andrew Gerrard and Nathaniel A. Frissell} } @proceedings {831, title = {Student Reflections of NRAO{\textquoteright}s Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum - Ham Radio Program}, year = {2024}, month = {03/2024}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum is a two-semester-long program hosted by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) designed to promote diversity in amateur radio. Through this program, two cohorts of young adults, totaling thirty people, are working towards the goal of receiving their technician{\textquoteright}s and/or general class license. For the second cohort of students, three students also became peer mentors. To complete the program, students complete lessons on an online platform, attend weekly Zoom classes, and listen to presentations given by guest speakers. The students are also building lasting relationships with their peers and mentors. The ultimate goal of the program is to develop a curriculum for amateur radio clubs, schools, and other interested individuals. In this presentation, three of the students will share their personal experiences with the program.

}, author = {Nejon McBride-Stubbs and Abigail Swanberg and Danielle Rowland} } @proceedings {738, title = {Science Humanities at the University of Scranton}, year = {2023}, month = {03/2023}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

This poster will describe the introduction of history of science courses at the University of Scranton. Presented by historian Dr. Paul Sampson, this poster will talk about the development of the discipline of history of science, the ongoing relevance of the humanities for science education, and will discuss the introduction of history of science at the University of Scranton. It will also discuss the future plans for cross-disciplinary cooperation and the overall goals of science humanities at the University of Scranton.

}, author = {Paul Sampson} } @proceedings {714, title = {SDRs in Time and Frequency Metrology}, year = {2023}, month = {03/2023}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

What piece of equipment do an Ytterbium optical clock lab and an amateur radio operator{\textquoteright}s station have in common? One likely candidate is the software-defined radio. Identical SDR hardware has found equal popularity among those making precision measurements and those trying to catch the rarest DX stations. I present several examples of time and frequency measurements using SDRs, and how those techniques relate to amateur radio use cases. After a few detours into ongoing work using SDRs at NIST, I show how SDR measurements can answer time and frequency questions related to HamSCI projects.

}, author = {Aidan Montare} } @article {800, title = {The Solar Eclipse QSO Party: A Fun Way to Support Radio Science}, year = {2023}, month = {09/2023}, pages = {14-15}, type = {General Interest}, abstract = {

You can be a volunteer citizen-scientist and provide data on upcoming solar eclipses - just by getting on the air!

On October 14, 2023 and again on April 8, 2024, solar eclipses will pass across the United States, presenting exceptional opportunities for hams to practice citizen-science. \ No special skill, education or background is required; all you need is the desire to make meaningful contributions to the understanding of the world around us, and the ability to get on the air and make contacts. \ Teams of researchers will be studying how each eclipse affects ham radio signals as they travel between transmitters and receivers across the US, and all you have to do to contribute data is get on the air, make contacts and submit your log.

}, issn = {2691-4638}, url = {https://www.arrl.org/On-the-Air-Magazine}, author = {Mikitin, G} } @proceedings {743, title = {A Statistical Analysis of Heliobiology: Exploring Connections Between Space Weather and Human Health}, year = {2023}, month = {03/2023}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

Solar storms are highly complex and powerful phenomena that have a significant impact on the Earth and the solar system at large. As scientists are learning more about the interaction of the sun and the Earth, some are turning their attention to the impacts that space weather might have on human health. This discipline of research on how the sun can directly affect biological organisms is called Heliobiology. The purpose of this study is to take a statistical approach to understand if there are any correlations between significant space weather events and human health. This will be accomplished by collecting data of solar activity from the solar cycle 23 minimum, and the maximum period of solar cycle 24, and comparing this data to cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) across regions of differing latitudes in the United States. Space weather data will be focused on periods of high KP and AE index, as well as the specific dates significant space weather events. The results of this study will be used to further investigate multiple variables and time frames to attempt to understand any correlations between space weather and human health that may exist.

}, author = {Anthony Williams and Tamitha Mulligan Skov} } @proceedings {726, title = {Statistical and Case Studies of Open Closed Boundaries (OCB) using ULF Wave Observations from Antarctic AGOs, McMurdo Station, and South Pole Station}, year = {2023}, month = {03/2023}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

We present a statistical study using ground magnetometer data from the Antarctic Automated Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) to characterize open- closed boundary (OCB) behavior during geomagnetically quiet times. Knowledge of the location and dynamics of the magnetic field line OCB provides insight to space physics processes such as sub storms, particle precipitation events, and magnetospheric configuration. Prior studies have shown that determination of the OCB location can be made by examining the ULF wave power in data from a latitudinal chain of ground-based magnetometers extending from the auroral zone into the deep polar cap. In this statistical study, AGOs 1, 2, 3, and 5, along with McMurdo (MCM) and South Pole Station (SPA) were studied. The seasons chosen were centered around the four cardinal dates, March 20th, June 21st, September 22nd, and December 21st. For each season, 60 days were selected centered around the cardinal date; any days with a planetary Ap greater than 30 were discarded. Using the H- component fluxgate data from South Pole Station, McMurdo Station and the AGO systems, an average daily residual power spectra was calculated. The spectrograms for SPA, MCM, and AGO show signatures of whether the station is located in an open or closed magnetic region. We will present case studies of individual days and a climatology of ULF activity as a function of season.

}, author = {Rachel M. Frissell and Andrew J. Gerrard and Hyomin Kim and Nathaniel A. Frissell} } @proceedings {617, title = {ScintPi: Scintillation and Total Electron Content (TEC) Monitors for Distributed Observations, Education and Citizen Science Initiatives}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Huntsville, AL}, abstract = {

We devoted efforts towards the development of low-cost ionospheric sensors that, in addition to science, could benefit educational and citizen science efforts. The result of that is ScintPi, a series of GNSS-based monitors that can be used to measure ionospheric perturbations and their effect on transionospheric radio signals. More specifically, the latest version of ScintPi (3.0) can measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along the path of the GNSS signals and the occurrence of amplitude scintillation. In this presentation we will provide an overview of ScintPi followed by a presentation and discussion of observations made with the system. We will also discuss comparisons of our measurements with those made by commercial TEC/scintillation monitors. Finally, we will present an opportunity for those interested in ionospheric science and radio to contribute with distributed observations of the ionosphere over the US using ScintPi 3.0.

}, author = {Josemaria G. Socola and Fabiano S. Rodrigues} } @proceedings {616, title = {Short-Term Variability Associated with 20 Meter Sequential Matched WSPR Observations: A Statistical Exploratory Study}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Huntsville, AL}, abstract = {

Automated amateur radio networks such as the Reverse Beacon Network and WSPRnet record details about hundreds of millions of radio contact contacts that investigators can use to study and ultimately predict HF propagation and its relationship to solar phenomena. However, before researchers can undertake such investigations, it is crucial to understand and document the variability inherent in the measurements provided by these networks. Here, we investigated the short-term variability associated with the signal-to-noise(SNR) reports from WSPRnet. Specifically, we analyzed 2,286,311 pairs of 20 meter WSPR SNR reports observed between Jan 2017 and July 2021. Each pair consisted of two sequential WSPR observations between the same two stations, i.e., the paired observations were separated by a single WSPR time slot of two minutes.\  To describe the SNR variability, we present the SNR distributional characteristics and use Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to explore the influence of the time of day, the month of the year, and the azimuth between the stations. The models predicted the absolute SNR difference between the sequential observations. Model errors were adjusted to account for multiple observations of pairs of stations. To account for the non-gaussian data distribution, the GLMs assumed a gamma distribution with a log link. Because this study was exploratory, we included all three covariates as categorical variables rather than imposing a particular model form. The three models reported here consist of a fully specified two-way interaction between two of the three covariates, i.e., both main effects and interaction.\  \ Computing resource limitations limited the complexity of the models investigated. Based upon the predicted model averages, two sequential WSPR reports typically vary by 6 dB. Deviations from this average are apparent by month, hour, and azimuth between the reporting stations, and we show those graphically. Future research should increase the complexity of the models to incorporate other covariates, e.g., distance or latitude, ultimately tying these data to solar and atmospheric phenomena.

}, author = {Robert B. Gerzoff and Nathaniel A. Frissell} } @proceedings {600, title = {SMART -- Expanding Array of Low Cost Magnetometers}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Huntsville, AL}, abstract = {

The SMART (Surface Magnetic Assessment in Real Time) Network is a collection of 14 UCLA ground magnetometer systems across the US. Our main objective is to investigate outstanding questions in both travel-time and normal-mode magnetoseismologies. These detectors are very effective but expensive to build and maintain.\  SMART is a project to spread sensors to schools and perhaps private individuals. Broader impacts include training students in magnetic field measurements and geospace science. This provides outreach activities to schools hosting SMART systems and will provide SMART magnetometer data collected in the contiguous US to the public. 2020/2021 was time to investigate various solid state and coil systems to find detectors robust, simple, quiet and precise enough to give us reasonable measurements. Solid state and coil systems were built and compared. Finally, two systems met our requirements: RM3100 and FLC-100 coil sensors. Buried in the ground (away from temperature changes and movement) the two sensor systems compare favorably to the Falcon Search Coil system used here for the past 11 years. We will show comparative data in quiet and active times.\  We also discuss the various sensitivities of these sensors to electronic and temperature\  changes. We present a simple Raspberry Pi system that samples each of these detectors and uploads the data to google and adafuit.com clouds. We present details on construction and wiring of the system. Especially important is how to insulate and bury sensors to they see real magnet changes. Also presented will be estimated costs and availability of components. Our goal is to provide a simple and low-cost system for local measurement of the geomagnetic field.\  Additionally, the SMART team has restored many of the original UCLA sensors to operation and begun collection of data. As others build similar systems, we hope to bring many sensors into our array.

}, author = {Noel Petit and Peter Chi} } @proceedings {598, title = {Systematic Correlation of Local Diurnal Daylight Variations with Local MUF}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Huntsville, AL}, abstract = {

It is well understood that MUF follows the degree of daylight in a general sense, but there has been little study on the correlation between local diurnal daylight conditions and local MUF.\  It is believed that encouraging this sort of study in a large number of locations will aid in the predictability of HF radio propagation.\  Interior Alaska, because of its high latitude, has a large variation in diurnal light between summer and winter, and is an ideal location for doing this study.\  For many months, we have been collecting diurnal light intensity from a northern facing photoresistor, giving us many data points that we can correlate with local ionosonde MUF data.

}, author = {Eric P. Nichols} } @proceedings {476, title = {Simulation and Comparison of Weak-Signal VHF Propagation}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

Space weather{\textquoteright}s intense variance has a seemingly random effect on radio propagation in the Very High Frequency (VHF) range. Key models are built to analyze and estimate performance of wireless systems in these weak-signal propagation mediums. Chiefly, meteor burst communication, auroral propagation, and earth-moon-earth communication models are built and simulated on MATLAB. The results are confirmed through experimental testing and data comparison. Overall, modeling of these space weather events proves immense usefulness in predicting effectiveness of radio equipment through these weak-signal modes.

}, url = {https://hamsci2021-uscranton.ipostersessions.com/?s=0B-3C-92-BC-7A-A2-35-0C-0B-52-1C-29-5A-03-4F-46}, author = {Nolan Pearce and Kate Duncan} } @proceedings {556, title = {Simultaneous observations of mid-latitude Ionospheric Irregularities in HamSCI Personal Space Weather Station and SuperDARN radar}, year = {2021}, month = {05/2021}, publisher = {SANSA}, address = {Virtual}, url = {https://www.sansa.org.za/events-outreach/superdarn-workshop-2021/}, author = {Joshi, Dev Raj and Frissell, Nathaniel A. and Liles, William and Vierinen, Juha} } @proceedings {490, title = {SMART Ground Based Magnetometer Array - an Initial Look}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

Augsburg University has been involved with ground based magnetometers for the past 25 or so years. These magnetometers monitor the earth{\textquoteright}s magnetic field and its changes as the ionospheric field is perturbed by solar wind and other influences. As part of an array of detectors, we monitor the fields here in Minnesota with a flux gate magnetometer as part of the UCLA "Smart" array. This detector is sensitive to about 10 nano tesla and located in an electronically quiet hillside.\ 

In addition, in the past few years a number of solid state detectors have been integrated into easy to monitor circuits and mated with the Raspberry Pi microcomputer. Most of these cost a few dollars and if placed away from metalic influence can give reasonable measurements -- especially of large changes in local field. Specifically, we will show the output from the LIS3MDL magnetometer compared to a high cost fluxgate system. Also discussed are the GY-511(LSM303) and GY-271 (HMC5883L) Compass/Magnetometers.\ 

These data are passed to io.adafruit.com a cloud storage/plotting system that provides access to plots and data for other to monitor. Cloud services allow many users to access a wide network of data without any programming or management of the cloud. With the onset of the next solar cycle, home monitors will become useful in propagation estimates.

}, url = {https://hamsci2021-uscranton.ipostersessions.com/?s=D1-53-61-0E-39-F6-CA-23-13-5A-67-79-FF-84-94-E0}, author = {Noel J. Petit and Peter Chi} } @proceedings {567, title = {Software for Magnetometer Testing and Data Collection}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, publisher = {ARRL-TAPR}, address = {Virtual}, url = {https://youtu.be/MHkz7jNynOg?t=10066}, author = {Witten, David} } @proceedings {574, title = {Sources of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed using HamSCI Amateur Radio, SuperDARN, and GNSS TEC}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, publisher = {ARRL-TAPR}, address = {Virtual}, url = {https://youtu.be/MHkz7jNynOg?t=22608}, author = {Frissell, Nathaniel A. and Sanchez, Diego F. and Perry, Gareth W. and Kaeppler, Stephen R. and Joshi, Dev Raj and Engelke, William D. and Thomas, Evan G. and Coster, Anthea J. and Erickson, Philip J. and Ruohoniemi, J. Michael and Baker, Joseph B. H.} } @proceedings {555, title = {Sources of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed using HamSCI Amateur Radio, SuperDARN, and GNSS TEC}, year = {2021}, month = {05/2021}, publisher = {SANSA}, address = {Virtual}, url = {https://www.sansa.org.za/events-outreach/superdarn-workshop-2021/}, author = {Frissell, Nathaniel A. and Sanchez, Diego F. and Perry, Gareth W. and Joshi, Dev Raj and Engelke, William D. and Thomas, Evan G. and Coster, Anthea J. and Erickson, Philip J. and Ruohoniemi, J. Michael and Baker, Joseph B. H.} } @conference {542, title = {Sources of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed using HamSCI Amateur Radio, SuperDARN, and GNSS TEC}, booktitle = {NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions)}, year = {2021}, month = {06/2021}, publisher = {CEDAR}, organization = {CEDAR}, address = {Virtual}, abstract = {

Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (LSTIDs) are quasi-periodic variations in F region electron density with horizontal wavelengths \> 1000 km and periods between 30 to 180 min. On 3 November 2017, LSTID signatures were detected in simultaneously over the continental United States in observations made by global High Frequency (HF) amateur (ham) radio observing networks and the Blackstone (BKS) SuperDARN radar. The amateur radio LSTIDs were observed on the 7 and 14 MHz amateur radio bands as changes in average propagation path length with time, while the LSTIDs were observed by SuperDARN as oscillations of average scatter range. LSTID period lengthened from T ~ 1.5 hr at 12 UT to T ~ 2.25 hr by 21 UT. The amateur radio and BKS SuperDARN radar observations corresponded with Global Navigation Satellite System differential Total Electron Content (GNSS dTEC) measurements. dTEC was used to estimate LSTID parameters: horizontal wavelength 1136 km, phase velocity 1280 km/hr, period 53 min, and propagation azimuth 167{\textdegree}. The LSTID signatures were observed throughout the day following ~400 to 800 nT surges in the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index. As a contrast, 16 May 2017 was identified as a period with significant amateur radio coverage but no LSTID signatures in spite of similar geomagnetic conditions and AE activity as the 3 November event. We hypothesize that atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) sources triggered by auroral electrojet intensifications and associated Joule heating are the source of the LSTIDs, and that seasonal neutral atmospheric conditions may play a role in preventing AGW propagation in May but not in November.

}, author = {Nathaniel A. Frissell and Diego F. Sanchez and Gareth W. Perry and Dev Joshi and William D. Engelke and Evan G. Thomas and Anthea Coster and Philip J. Erickson and J. Michael Ruohoniemi and Joseph B. H. Baker} } @proceedings {468, title = {"Sprinkles" or "Mirrors"? Exploring the true nature of VHF propagation via sporadic-E}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

Mid-latitude sporadic-E clouds (commonly abbreviated as {\textquoteleft}Es{\textquoteright}) are a transient feature consisting of thin layers of dense, but patchy, ionization which occur in the E region of the ionosphere. The process of formation is different from that of the rest of the ionosphere and it can produce much higher electron densities, sometimes permitting oblique reflection of radio waves up to 150 MHz.
The mechanism for the oblique reflection of VHF waves from Es layers has not been well described, with candidates including specular reflection, scattering, and magneto-ionic double refraction. The polarization and fading characteristics of waves reflected from Es layers are proposed as a marker for the presence or absence of magneto-ionic effects.\ 
An experimental system has been developed for rapid and accurate polarization and fading measurements at 50 MHz. The overall sensitivity of the system has been optimized by reducing environmental electromagnetic noise, giving the ability to observe weak, short-lived Es propagation events. The effect of the ground reflection on observed polarization has been analyzed and the induced amplitude and phase biases compensated for.
A measurement campaign in the summer of 2018 gathered a large quantity of data, using amateur 50 MHz beacons, at distances between 1,000 km and 1,650 km, as signal sources. The results provide compelling evidence that Es-layer propagation at 50 MHz exhibits the characteristics of magneto-ionic double refraction, but the thin, intense and variable nature of the reflecting region means that the reflected signals can have quite extreme characteristics. Some of the results are surprising, and are yet to be explained convincingly.
In this presentation, an overview of the experimental technique will be given, and the results described. Some of this information has already been published, but much of it is new.

}, author = {Chris Deacon and Ben Witvliet and Cathryn Mitchell and Simon Steendam} } @proceedings {466, title = {Statistical Perspectives On the Human Factor in Spot Data from RBN and WSPR Networks}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

The amateur radio reporting networks RBN and WSPRnet generate a wealth of data that can be used to great advantage in scientific research, and previous analyses of these data have shown that space weather events and ionospheric disturbances can be detected through patterns in the spot data. Although the spots recorded by the network undoubtedly reflect such changes in the natural environment, these patterns are confounded with the effects of human behaviors, such as the geographic dispersion of ham radio operators, time preferences among operators, and different levels of activity for different stations.\  Statistical models have the potential to estimate these {\textquotedblleft}human effects{\textquotedblright} and decouple them from the natural process that makes propagation possible. We will present a statistical modeling approach for these data that accounts for the non-probabilistic sampling methods that produce them.\  We will also present Spot Watcher, an app that we are developing for visualization of spots using open source tools, and comment on some of the pre-processing challenges in statistical analysis of spot data.

}, author = {David Campbell and Deborah Kunkel} } @proceedings {501, title = {The Sun and the Earthquakes}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

Since 2017 I have been studying and contrasting the turbulence and solar wind data, observing the close relationship between the two, I currently have a YouTube channel where I am dedicated to forecasting these seismic events based on the heliospheric graphs provided by NOAA, the Space weather influences volcanic activity, earthquakes and the climate on earth, I could also observe the negative impact on people, the prolonged zero magnetic index or geomagnetic storms.

}, author = {Edmondo Manuel Vasiu Vasiu} } @proceedings {478, title = {A Survey of HF Doppler TID Signatures Observed Using a Grape in New Jersey}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, url = {https://hamsci2021-uscranton.ipostersessions.com/?s=6A-B6-94-74-A1-46-CF-D2-AC-BA-F3-58-2E-71-17-97}, author = {Veronica I. Romanek and Nathaniel A. Frissell and Dev Joshi and William Liles and Kristina Collins and John Gibbons and David Kazdan} } @proceedings {506, title = {Survey of ionospheric F2 region variability from the lower atmosphere: drivers and responses - Part 2}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, publisher = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA (Virtual)}, abstract = {

Phil Erickson, W1PJE, will follow with a condensed summary of recent community research on the types of physical processes that produce F2 layer ionospheric variations from waves, heating, and other sources in the lower neutral atmosphere (space weather {\textquotedblleft}from below{\textquotedblright}). Examples will include acoustic waves, gravity waves, planetary waves, TADs (traveling atmospheric disturbances), and their influence on TIDs (travelling ionospheric disturbances). Numerical estimates of the various forcing terms provide a useful gauge of the relative importance and impact of these processes. Phil will close by specifically focusing on estimates of the magnitude of electron density variations in the F2 region of the ionosphere due to earthquake effects. In particular, ionospheric density observations from sources such as the global satellite navigation system (GNSS) allow a quantitative, numerate discussion of earthquake drivers in both time and space dimensions as compared to other known lower atmosphere ionospheric variability drivers.\  Phil will conclude with a discussion of the implications for earthquake associated HF propagation effects in the face of observed day-to-day ionospheric density variability.

}, author = {Philip J. Erickson and R. Carl Luetzelschwab} } @proceedings {505, title = {Survey of ionospheric F2 region variability from the lower atmosphere: drivers and responses - Part 1}, year = {2021}, month = {03/2021}, abstract = {

Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA, will review the factors that cause the F2 region of the ionosphere to vary in the short-term, on day-to-day and even shorter time scales. These factors can directly affect amateur radio operators through their influence on electron density and therefore on HF propagation. Ionospheric variability drivers will be sorted into three broad categories: 1) solar radiation 2) geomagnetic activity and 3) meteorological sources (neutral atmosphere). Carl will also assess how much F2 ionospheric parameters vary in the short-term during both day and night, and he will also review the contribution of each of the factors to observed F2 region variability.

}, author = {R. Carl Luetzelschwab and Philip J. Erickson} } @article {548, title = {A Synopsis of the 2021 HamSCI Virtual Workshop}, volume = {105}, year = {2021}, month = {09/2021}, pages = {58-59}, issn = {0033-4812}, url = {https://www.arrl.org/qst}, author = {Erickson, Philip} } @conference {388, title = {Statistical Study of Open Closed Boundaries (OCB) using ULF Wave Observations from Antarctic AGOs, McMurdo Station, and South Pole Station}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2020}, year = {2020}, month = {03/2020}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

We present a statistical study using ground magnetometer data from the Antarctic Automated Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) to characterize open-closed boundary (OCB) behavior during geomagnetically quiet times. Knowledge of the location and dynamics of the magnetic field line OCB provides insight to space physics processes such as substorms, particle precipitation events, and magnetospheric configuration. Prior studies have shown that determination of the OCB location can be made by examining the ULF wave power in data from a latitudinal chain of ground based magnetometers extending from the auroral zone into the deep polar cap. In this statistical study, AGOs 1, 2, 3, and 5, along with McMurdo (MCM) and South Pole Station (SPA) were studied. The seasons chosen were centered around the four cardinal dates, March 20th, June 21st, September 22nd, and December 21st. For each season, 60 days were selected centered around the cardinal date; any days with a planetary Ap greater than 30 were discarded. Using the H-component fluxgate data from South Pole Station, McMurdo Station and the AGO systems, an average daily residual power spectra was calculated. The spectrograms for SPA, MCM, and AGO show signatures of whether the station is located in an open or closed magnetic region. This results of the OCB is compared to the Tsyganenko Model. We will discuss the seasonal climatology as calculated from raw data and compared to a model as well as how OCB depends on seasons and magnetic latitude.

}, author = {R. M. Frissell and H. Kim and A. J. Gerrard} } @conference {406, title = {Super Cheap Scintillation Console: Literate-Pancake (ePoster)}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2020}, year = {2020}, month = {03/2020}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

The goal of this project is to make yet another "low cost" console for calculating scintillation caused by ionospheric irregularities. Using some of the cheapest devices that come up in a simple google search for gps receivers and computers we{\textquoteright}ve kept cost below $60 USD. As an exercise in seeing if anything useful can be obtained by bashing the cheapest stuff on the internet together, who knows, they may even be capable of making useful observations to detect ionospheric irregularities. At this low barrier to entry, both in terms of cost and programming experience, this is intended to be an introductory project using GPS that goes beyond location tracking, and involves ionospheric science that Ham Radio operators are already familiar with. Some basic software has been produced to process the NMEA data from the device and process it enough to produce the scintillation data product. Currently under development, this software is public and open source. Although this device is certainly of a lower quality than many more expensive set ups, the end result is at least superficially comparable to some of the other inexpensive devices that are still several times more expensive. Some rudimentary scinillation detection can be performed, obtaining where and when scintillation is occurring. The hard part now, is finding the right combination of data product and online accesss to make historical scintillation data available to future scientists. With mass market parts and completely free and open source software, perhaps this community can even find novel uses for this data beyond the intent of this work.

}, author = {Jonathan M. Smith and Brian Espinal-Juarez} } @conference {378, title = {Synchronized Multiple Radio Telescope Microwave SETI}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2020}, year = {2020}, month = {03/2020}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Scranton, PA}, abstract = {

Almost all radio SETI experiments conducted to date have used antenna and receiver systems that search for semi-continuous CW beacons. Amateur radio operators are now conducting a different type of radio SETI experiment that we believe has not yet been tried. We utilize multiple geographically-spaced, synchronized radio telescopes to simultaneously scan the sky, searching for narrow bandwidth pulses and hypothetical modulated signals, containing information transmitted by extraterrestrial intelligence. We determine if pulses are simultaneously received on the same frequency, at the same time, on two or more of the radio telescopes. The signal detection system eliminates almost all terrestrial and space-based radio frequency interference. Three radio telescopes currently comprise the system: 60 foot diameter dish near Haswell, Colorado operated by Steve Plock KL7IZW, 40 foot diameter dish at the Green Bank Observatory, West Virginia, operated by Skip Crilly K7ETI, and 26 foot diameter dish in New Hampshire, remotely operated by Skip. We transit scan -7.6 degree declination and synchronously receive signals in the range of 1395 to 1455 MHz, in 16 million 3.7 Hz bandwidth channels, using four high speed computers with programmed SDR. Synchronized radio telescope observations have been conducted between late 2017 and December 2019. All raw data from observations is immediately made available upon request to interested students and researchers, to allow searches for interesting signals. Since August 2018, a total of nine anomalous simultaneous pulse events have been observed on pairs of synchronized radio telescopes, from an apparent single celestial pointing direction, at approximately 5.2 hours Right Ascension and -7.6 degrees Declination, near Rigel in Orion. A presence of modulated signals at the time of simultaneous pulses is indicated. A noise-based hypothesis has been refuted to high statistical significance. Satellite tracking experts are helping with distant space RFI hypotheses and analysis of data. Follow-up observations and system enhancement are underway. This presentation will describe the system, observations, hypothesis development and testing, and future plans. We seek ideas from listeners.

}, author = {W. J. Crilly} } @conference {282, title = {Science Questions for a Personal Space Weather Station}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {03/2019}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

Introduction and Overview to the Personal Space Weather Station Project

}, author = {Frissell, N. A.} } @article {332, title = {Solar Eclipse 2017 DX from Western America}, year = {2019}, month = {04/2019}, institution = {HamSCI}, author = {Nick Hall-Patch} } @article {270, title = {Solar Eclipse QSO Party Wrap-Up}, volume = {47}, year = {2019}, month = {01/2019}, pages = {7-11}, url = {http://ncjweb.com/features/janfeb19feat.pdf}, author = {N. A. Frissell} } @conference {343, title = {SOTA and New Methods of Portable Operating}, booktitle = {Dayton Hamvention}, year = {2019}, month = {05/2019}, publisher = {Ham Radio 2.0}, organization = {Ham Radio 2.0}, address = {Xenia, OH}, author = {Paula Uscian} } @conference {325, title = {Sounding the Ionosphere with Signals of Opportunity in the High-Frequency (HF) Band}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {03/2019}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

The explosion of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) education- and consumer-grade hardware supporting software-defined radio (SDR) over the past two decades has revolutionized many aspects of radio science, bringing the cost and calibration of traditionally complex receiver hardware within the grasp of even advanced amateur experimenters. Transmission has now become the limiter of access in many cases, particularly through spectrum management and licensing considerations. Fortunately, several classes of signals endemic to the HF band lend themselves to processing for ionospheric characteristics: time and frequency standard broadcasters, surface-wave oceanographic radars, amateur radio transmissions, and ionospheric sounders.

This presentation is a tour of these signals of opportunity and techniques for collecting and processing them into ionospheric characteristics, with emphasis on distributed receivers collecting on a small number (four or fewer) of coherent channels. Receiving techniques will be discussed for near-vertical ({\textquotedblleft}quasi-vertical{\textquotedblright}) incidence skywave (NVIS or QVI), long-distance oblique soundings, and transionospheric sounding. Soundings will be demonstrated from space-based, ground-based, and maritime platforms.

Binary, Doppler, delay, cone angle of arrival, and polarization observations will be exploited, depending on the signal type and capability of the collector. Each of these techniques conveys different, but not always {\textquotedblleft}orthogonal,{\textquotedblright} information about the ionospheric skywave channel. The information content of each datum will be discussed with respect to the implications for inverting the local or regional ionosphere from the observations. More importantly than inverting the full ionosphere, some of these techniques are sensitive indicators of ionospheric irregularities, structures, and instabilities, that might otherwise be difficult to study due to limited geographic coverage with larger, more exquisite instrumentation.

}, author = {Ethan S. Miller and Gary S. Bust and Gareth W. Perry and Stephen R. Kaeppler and Juha Vierinen and Nathaniel A. Frissell and A. A. Knuth and Philip J. Erickson and Romina Nikoukar and Alexander T. Chartier and P. Santos and C. Brum and J. T. Fentzke and T. R. Hanley and Andrew J. Gerrard} } @conference {305, title = {Space Science for Ham Radio Operators (Invited Tutorial)}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {03/2019}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

Despite decades of academic research, space science remains a field full of unanswered questions. Ionospheric research, as a portion of space science, has its fair share of unanswered questions that have important implications for short-wave radio wave propagation. While average behavior of ionosphere is reasonably well understood and is reflected in empirical models, surprisingly large day-to-day variability in ionospheric parameters remains a topic of active research. Ionospheric disturbances can exist on a variety of temporal scales, from several minutes to multi-day, and cover vastly varying geographic regions, from several degrees in latitude/longitude to the entire hemisphere.\  This presentation will discuss several types of ionospheric disturbances related to\  geomagnetic storms, including positive and negative storm effects, SED (Storm Enhanced Density), and LSTIDs (Large-Scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances). It will also discuss ionospheric disturbances related to influences from lower atmosphere, including gravity waves and associated MSTIDs (Medium-Scale Travelling ionospheric Disturbances), thunderstorms, tides, and sudden stratospheric warmings. In addition to a variety of natural phenomena, ionospheric electron density and, consequently, radio wave propagation can be affected by human activity, for example by rocket or missile launches. As ionospheric system remains strongly undersampled by traditional observation methods, networks developed by amateur radio operators can provide critical information with a potential to advance physical understanding of near-Earth space environment.

}, author = {Goncharenko, Larisa} } @conference {327, title = {Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs) and Personal Space Weather Stations}, booktitle = {Hamvention HamSCI Forum}, year = {2019}, month = {05/2019}, publisher = {Dayton Amateur Radio Association}, organization = {Dayton Amateur Radio Association}, address = {Xenia, OH}, abstract = {

This presentation will deal with Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs), what they are, what their effects are, how they can be observed easily at home, and observations combined with others to form a more complete view of the ionosphere. SIDs are disturbances on the Sun but can be observed through monitoring VLF transmitters and noticing the change in propagation. Since the transmitters are usually at 30 kHz and less, they are easily observed using just an antenna, amplifier and a computer sound card with appropriate software. There is a worldwide network of collection sites which feeds data to Stanford University. The equipment is easy to build but can also be procured from the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers (SARA). Different types of equipment will be discussed and shown, including home built and the SARA kit. The antennas used are mainly simple multi-tun loop antennas. Images of different antennas will be shown and it is planned to show an actual antenna. Data collected from SID systems will be displayed and discussed. The presentation will include how people can get involved with SID monitoring and feeding the collective database at Stanford University.

}, author = {Ethan S. Grace and George Lemaster} } @conference {293, title = {Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs) and Personal Space Weather Stations}, booktitle = {HamSCI Workshop 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {03/2019}, publisher = {HamSCI}, organization = {HamSCI}, address = {Cleveland, OH}, abstract = {

This presentation will deal with Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SIDs), what they are, what their effects are, how they can be observed easily at home, and observations combined with others to form a more complete view of the ionosphere. SIDs are disturbances on the Sun but can be observed through monitoring VLF transmitters and noticing the change in propagation. Since the transmitters are usually at 30 kHz and less, they are easily observed using just an antenna, amplifier and a computer sound card with appropriate software. There is a worldwide network of collection sites which feeds data to Stanford University. The equipment is easy to build but can also be procured from the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers (SARA). Different types of equipment will be discussed and shown, including home built and the SARA kit. The antennas used are mainly simple multi-tun loop antennas. Images of different antennas will be shown and it is planned to show an actual antenna. Data collected from SID systems will be displayed and discussed. The presentation will include how people can get involved with SID monitoring and feeding the collective database at Stanford University.

}, author = {Ethan S. Grace and George Lemaster} } @article {261, title = {Simple and Accurate Variable Frequency RF Signal Generator}, journal = {QEX}, year = {2018}, month = {09/2018}, pages = {3-7}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

This generator produces any frequency between 500 kHz and 40 MHz with an accu- racy approaching one part in 109, for example 0.01 Hz at 10 MHz. It uses an Arduino Nano, a GPS receiver with antenna, a digital encoder, a small TFT LCD color display, and the Silicon Labs Si5351A direct digital syn- thesizer (DDS). Together these parts cost me about $150. I will also share some interesting applications for this device.

}, issn = {0886-8093}, author = {Elwood Downey} } @article {238, title = {The Solar Eclipse QSO Party}, volume = {93}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {22}, issn = {1367-1499}, author = {H. W. Silver} } @article {155, title = {The Solar Eclipse QSO Party (HamSCI)}, volume = {101}, year = {2017}, month = {02/2017}, pages = {82-84}, issn = {0033-4812}, author = {H. W. Silver} } @conference {165, title = {The Solar Eclipse QSO Party: Ionospheric Sounding Using Ham Radio QSOs}, booktitle = {Dayton Hamvention}, year = {2017}, address = {Xenia, OH}, abstract = {

The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse is expected to temporarily induce profound changes on ionospheric structure, dynamics, and radio propagation. The ARRL and HamSCI are sponsoring a Solar Eclipse QSO Party (SEQP) that will be used to generate to assist in imaging ionospheric changes before, during, and after the eclipse. Data will be collected through participant submitted logs and the use of automated tools such as the Reverse Beacon Network (RBN), PSKReporter, and WSPRNet. SEQP rules and a prediction of results will be presented.

}, author = {Nathaniel A. Frissell and Joshua D. Katz and Andrew J. Gerrard and Magdalina Moses and Gregory D. Earle and Robert W. McGwier and Ethan S. Miller and Stephen Kaeppler and H. W. Silver} } @article {229, title = {Solar Eclipse QSO Party Update}, volume = {101}, year = {2017}, month = {12/2017}, issn = {0033-4812}, author = {H. W. Silver} } @conference {217, title = {Summary of Findings Associated with the 5 MHz Experiment}, booktitle = {HamSCI-UK}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, publisher = {HamSCI-UK}, organization = {HamSCI-UK}, address = {Milton Keynes, UK}, author = {M. C. Walden} }